Analysis of Apple and its marketing strategies

Analysis of Apple and its marketing strategies This report analyses information and facts on the apple iPad in relation to the product itself and the marketing strategies of Apple. It provides an over view of the product such as the brand, pricing and application. The report focus on the identification and development of the primary target markers to create a profile which will help explain the product life cycle of the iPad. In Australia both models of the iPad were released in May 28, 2010 this report will cover both of these. Apples iPad is already huge. In fact, after just its first quarter of sales, its already the companys third-biggest business segment. In the June quarter, the iPad business generated $2.2 billion of revenue for Apple. Thats more than Apples iPod business generated last quarter $1.5 billion. (Though the cheaper iPod obviously had larger unit sales.) And its almost half as big as Apples 26-year-old Mac business, which put in its best quarter ever at $4.4 billion. Very impressive. And the fact that the ipad and Mac can apparently coexist is especially good news for Apple. Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-ipad-ipod-mac-2010-7#ixzz0xOXGC2sE Frommer (2010, p.1 of 4) Introduction This report has been prepared to provide facts, details and information relating to the Apple iPad. The best way to experience the web, email, photo and video. Hands down. Apple (2010, p.1 of 7). This quote is taken from Apples website on the iPads features, it shows the way Apple has chosen to market and present the iPad as the one shop for an ever changing environment in which we are always on the move. 2.0 Overview 2.1 The Brand The growth of Apple around the world has led to expantial growth in sales of Apple products since the start of the company on April 1, 1976 .The Company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, with Ronald selling his share in the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800 in 1977. From 1976 until 1982 Apple released three personal computers, these were all over priced and werent taken up by the market. Then Apple released its iMac along with its new g laptop range as Steve Jobs returned and we also saw an increase in 1996 of the share price to $24.19 followed by another substantial increase in 1998 with the release of the iMac, shares hit $41.00. 10 Jan 2006 15à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ Macbook Pro and iMac 28 Feb 2006 Mac mini 24 April 2006 17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ Macbook Pro 13 May 2006 13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ Macbook 7 Aug 2006 Mac Pro Below is the Apple Product Timeline (Wikipedia, 2010, p1) This timeline of Apple products is a list of all stand-alone Apple II, Macintosh, and other computers, as well as computer peripherals, expansion cards, software, ancillary products, and consumer electronics sold by Apple Inc. in order of introduction date ( Wikipedia, 2010, p1). 2.2 The iPad The Apple iPad was released on two different dates depending on the model you wanted: the Wi-Fi model (U.S.) April 3, 2010  (2010-04-03) and Wi-Fi + 3G Model (U.S.) April 30, 2010. It was released May 28, 2010 worldwide with pre order numbers going into the thousands. The Technical Specifications are as following: -Wireless and cellular support with the production of two different models one with wireless and cellular and one with just wireless. -Apples own 1 GHz Apple A4 chip this is the same used in the iphone 4. The storage in the iPad is 16 64 GB of Flash storage; flash is the fastest current storage method in terms of types of hard drive Bluetooth 2.1 802.11n this is the latest standard of wireless technology with transfer rates of up to 600 Mbit/s being achieved Speaker, microphone and 30-pin connector 9.7 inch IPS LED backlit LCD combined with 10 hours of battery life Half an inch thick Accelerometer and Compass and Assisted GPS and Digital Compass (3G version only) 3G UMTS/HSPDA and GSM/EDGE data (optional) 3.5mm headphone jack VGA out support or AV out via dock connector and converter cable. Warren (2010, p.1 of 5) 2.3 The applications use in everyday life There has been a huge push in the applications available for the iPad with the main updates coming in games that rely on the motion senses in the iPad, social networking applications such as flip board and the last area is business applications such as filemaker. The games are one of the reason the iPad had been such a great success with the world market. This is because people are now looking for new ways to entertain themselves when they are moving around during their day whether this be on trains and buses or when they are waiting for events to start. The iPad is able to play games in high definitions this creates a better and sharper image for the user with games such as Real Racing HD and Touch grind HD. The social network craze has hit the western world with Flipboard, a so-called social magazine viewable on tablet computers that offers content drawn from online social networking sites.  The Apple iPad is said to be the ideal means of reading Flipboard.  McCue is said to wa nt to make technology simple and Flipboard does this for online social networking by making it more accessible. This app pulls links, photos and events directly for social network sites which puts every that people view and look for very day in one place making life simpler. The business side of the iPad is greatly increasing as well with apps like filemaker a Mac database manager. Michaels (2010) the CEO of Apple stated The iphone may fit in your pocket, and the iPad may not be much larger than a hardcover book, but FileMaker thinks it can fit an entire database application on each device.   This evolution of being able to access your data bases and edit it on the fly via 3g wireless connection has huge advantages such as increasing productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Its easier to carry and offers longer battery life than most notebooks which allows it to work well with other apps like macpractice. Macpractice is a Mac package that has all the needed and extra features f or a doctors office. These are some of the reasons I believe that the iPad is slowly becoming a must have product in the 21st century. 3.0 Primary Product Markets 3.0 Product Markets The Apple iPad has come into the market as a niche product but all at a risk to one of Apples largest markets their laptops. This is because the iPad doesnt really seem to sit anywhere as it is not quite a smartphone and so far not your laptop. So what is the Apple iPad being marketed as , my understanding is that it is being marketed as a product to be used wirelessly for business needs to improve productivity and effectiveness or for personal needs such as having a common calendar or phonebook and step-by-step videos. 3.1 Demographic The Definition: a statistic characterizing human populations (or segments of human populations broken down by age or sex or income etc.) The demographic of the iPad is complicated because the people buying them are sometimes not the ones necessary using them. The typical person buying ipads are upper class men and women, can be people with one or more incomes and usually aged between 24-40 years old. The other variables such as family size, race, ethnicity and education do not matter with this product. This is because the main barrier stopping people from purchasing this product is the price. With iPod touch prices at A$289.00 for an 8gb and the cheapest macbook(laptop) coming in at A$1249.00 and a iphone 16GB is A$ 859.00 and the cheapest ipad is A$629 for a 16gb Wi-Fi model. This is why Apple released the ipad to be the in between for a iPod touch and macbook. 3.2 Geographic The Definition: study of the earths surface; includes peoples responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation. The geographic of the iPad is very similar to most technological products with the main market sales being in capital cities with high population areas the highest users and purchases of iPads. Below is a table of shops that stock the sale of iPads in Perth. Shop Name Number of Stores Online store Apple Store 1 Yes Dick Smith 3 yes Next Byte 2 no ProByte 1 yes PRA Imaging 1 Yes T4 Technology 1 No MAXstyle 1 Yes David Jones 1 No Jb Hi-Fi 10 Yes Mac Worx Joondalup 1 No Winthrop UWA 1 No XCITELOGIC PTY LTD 1 No Domayne 1 No Myer 1 No total 26 3.3 Psychographic The Definition: any attributes relating to personality, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles. There is definitely a high psychographic variable involved in the purchase of an iPad, this comes mainly from lifestyle and motives being the biggest push for people to want to purchase this product. Apple focuss a lot of time and resources into making the iPad seem like it is a need rather than a want, with many online advertising campaigns and TV adverts. These all help to create the need for the iPad and appeal to the personal attributes of the customers. An example of this type of advertising is the Apple iPad Commercial TV Ad (Official) HD on YouTube listed below: 3.4 Behaviouristic The Definition: an approach to psychology focusing on behaviour, denying any independent significance for mind and assuming that behaviour is determined by the environment. The behaviouristic variables of the iPad are the pricing sensitivity, brand loyalty and benefit expectations, these are key in how the iPad has been able to reach such high sales targets. Buskirk E (2010) One million ipads in 28 days thats less than half of the 74 days it took to achieve this milestone with iphone, said Apple CEO Steve Jobs This quote from Steve Jobs show just how explosive the launch of the iPad was, most of these sales were by Apple addicts. These are people who compulsory buy Apple products and have very high brand loyalty with very little price sensitivity and high benefit expectations of achieving a new or high social status by owning the newest Apple gadget .The next lot of buyers in the months after have higher benefit expectations these people that believe they will be given a social status or hierarchy by owning an iPad. 4.0 Product life cycle (PLC) There are five distinct stages in the product life cycle: product development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline. This model is used to show the sale and profit stages or patterns in a products life cycle from finish to end. 4.1 Product Development This is when the company starts to develop and work on a new product idea or range; during this stage sales are zero with the company having to invest all the capital behind the product. During this stage of the product I would keep the product idea/range a secret because of how many other companies are looking to enter the market and with the Amazon kindle and Tablet pcs already having been released the iPad would need to be kept under wraps. 4.2 Introduction As a new product much time will be spent by the organisation to create awareness of it presence amongst its target market. Profits are negative or low because of this reason. My understanding is that the iPad skipped this stage because of Apples already large dedicated customer base and with the combination of Apples marketing strategies which they do very well. 4.3 Growth If consumers clearly feel that this product will benefit them in some way and they accept it, the organisation will see a period of rapid sales growth. This I believe is currently where the iPad is now with sales slowing down from the introduction phase but still rising and new features in terms of software updates such as reduced cost of games and applications through the introduction of iADs an advertising platform built into the ios 4 this is the operating system that the iPad currently runs on. At this stage you would want to keep up your marketing strategies and start to lower prices as at the start Apple used a price skimming technique because it was a monopoly market but as competitors enter the market this will push out and slow down the entrance of competition. 4.4 Maturity Rapid sales growth cannot last forever. Sales slow down as the product sales reaches its peak as it has been accepted by most buyers. At this stage you want to be using product mix pricing strategies, this will most likely be in the form of product line pricing, by releasing a new and updated version of the iPad or by optional product/service pricing. In Apples case this would be extended Apple care warranty or by combining the sale of the iPad with other Apple products to compliment the use of the iPad just as Apple wireless router the air port extreme. 4.5 Decline Sales and profits start to decline, the organisation may try to change their pricing strategy to stimulate growth however the product will either have to be re-modified, or replaced within the market. Conclusion

Cat in the Rain

Review on Cat in The Rain of Ernest Hemingway A couple of Americans traveled in Italy. At the hotel, on a raining day, the wife found a cat crouched in the rain and wanted to take the cat and possess it. She went out and searched the cat in the rain, to find it had gone. Coming back, she told her husband her wish to change her hair style and was turned down by her husband. After her several other wishes were also turned down, a waitress of the hotel knocked the door, at the demand of the hotel owner, and sent her a cat. These are the main plots of Hemingway’s novel, Cat in The Rain. Main characters in the story are the American wife and her husband. Hemingway’s purpose of writing this novel is to illustrate the relationship between the couple. But when focusing on the simple but meaningful story, it’s easy to get confused, or even worse, get nothing out of it. In this novel, as many people have pointed out, there are many metaphors. Like the cat and the rain. These metaphors could lead us to the theme. In the very first paragraph, we can see that the description is showing the state of the couple’s relationship: at first it was once quite nice, just like the beautiful scene outside, and when it’s raining, their relationship got cold, too. And also, readers can find three symbols: the sea, the garden and the war monument, which can be seen in the American couple’s room. Compared with the sea, the garden is much delicate. In some cases, the garden may be washed out by the sea at ease. The garden is at the mercy of the sea. This scene, together with the monument, illustrates the background of the novel. As for the monument, it’s the symbol of conflict and sacrifice. This symbol indicates that a â€Å"war† is ahead. We would have a better understanding in the following paragraphs. The first scene in the room is the out-looking wife and her husband who is lying on the bed. Viewing this, the relationship of the couple is obvious to readers: they do not enjoying a happy life. The wife is eager to run away from her husband. While her husband, the American man who is reading on the bed, is giving pressure on her wife. And he would like to lie on the bed comfortably and read the book. The book is a â€Å"wall† between him and her wife. It’s a barrier that prevents communication from these two persons. Along the spreading of the story, the focus turns to a cat, a cat in the rain. The American wife finds that the cat is crouching under a table, trying to avoid the rain. Thus there is a kind of connection built up between the woman and the cat. In fact, the cat reflects the woman’s situation. Both of them are under some kind of troubles and have nothing to do on their troubles: the cat can’t change the weather, just like the wife has no influence on her husband at that time. In similar situation with the cat, the woman goes out, trying to get it when finding the poor cat. While being out and searching for the cat, she can’t find it. It has gone. It’s making its effort to flee. Whether it has run away from the rain, it has gone. Anyhow, the cat’s result is a good sign. The cat is gone, but the woman has to come back. The conflict between her husband and her hasn’t come to an end. The woman comes back and makes her new effort to make some changes. She even sits on the bed, trying to communicate with her husband. But she fails. Her husband is still reading. She comes up with some other demands, desperately. But her husband still ignores her wish for change. It’s getting dark. Their relationship is getting dark, too. The woman’s efforts do not work. Her wish to transverse her husband’s influence breaks down. Suddenly,there is a change. The light comes on the square outside the window, and the change for the American woman comes, too. She is sent a big tortoise-shell cat. It doesn’t matter whether this cat is the cat in the rain several minutes ago. It’s just a symbol of change for the woman. It’s not enough for the woman. It’s just a beginning. What she wants is not just a cat. She wants to change. Anyhow, it’s a good sign, too. Also,the using of words shows some attitudes, too. The different titles of the cat, like the kitty; and that of the woman, like the girl. These different addresses show the childish characteristics of the woman. This feature shows that her inferior statue comparing with her husband. All in all, the main problem of the story is their relationship: the husband controls all affairs, while the wife’s failure of trying to make a change. However, there is still a sign of change at the end of the story, which shows the author’s hope for future.

The View of Scholar on the Kingdom of God

by David W. Baker. It is posted with permission from the author. I. Introduction The Kingdom of God has been one of the dominant topics of New Testament study in this century. The reason is obvious. Many scholars, both conservative and critical, regard the kingdom of God as â€Å"the central theme† of Jesus’ public proclamation. 1 In fact, a plethora of monographs has poured forth since Johannes Weiss and Albert Schweitzer made the case that Jesus’ teaching was profoundly Jewish, drenched in intense eschatological hope. This new view contended against nineteenth century views, which moralized the kingdom and made it palatable to modern taste by arguing it was merely an expression of ethical sensitivity raised up in the hearts of men. In contrast, Weiss and Schweitzer argued that Jesus’ claim for the kingdom anticipated God’s stark intervention in the very near future that would reshape the creation. The view became known as â€Å"consistent,† â€Å"thorough-going† or â€Å"imminent† eschatology.For Weiss, the kingdom was purely religious, not ethical; purely future, not present in any way. The Kingdom would be God’s final miracle with Jesus functioning in his current ministry as Messias designatus. 3 For Weiss, Jesus believed that he would one day become the Son of Man. At first, Jesus believed that this would occur during his lifetime, and later in his ministry, he anticipated it to come shortly after His death. 4 It is a heritage that Jesus believed he possessed, though he had not yet entered into it.For Schweitzer, Jesus expected the end to come at first in his ministry. As he sent out the twelve in mission (Matthew 10:23), he believed that before they finished their tour of the cities of Israel, the Son of Man would come and bring the kingdom. Its appearance would mean the end of the present age, and he would be transformed into the Son of Man. When the disciples returned from their mission with out this taking place, Jesus’ hopes of the end changed. It would take suffering, his own suffering, for the Kingdom to come. His death would bring the Kingdom. Though very different than Schweitzer, the oldest dispensationalists also stressed the Jewish roots of kingdom hope and placed its ultimate expression, as originally expressed through the hope of Israel’s scriptures, strictly in the future, what they referred to as the â€Å"kingdom of heaven. † Whatever relationship Jesus’ work in the present had to the kingdom, it was part of a previously unrevealed â€Å"mystery† that made its current expression something istinct from what had been promised to Israel and distinct from what was to come one day in fulfillment. This distinction between what would happen for Israel one day and what happens to the church today was a major element in the traditional dispensational distinction between Israel and the church in the plan of God. However, in the mid dle of this century, that clear distinction was somewhat blurred, though how it worked precisely was never agreed to or clearly set forth as four separate views were espoused. Unlike Schweitzer, these dispensationalists, saw no â€Å"error† or â€Å"change† in Jesus’ understanding, but like him they regarded the promise of the future to be so rooted in Jewish hope and so grand in its scale that nothing Jesus did currently could be seen as the fulfillment of that great promise of old. For both classical and revised dispensationalists, the mystery introduced into the kingdom program, conceived in various ways in this century, represented an â€Å"intercalation† in the kingdom program of God, distinct from the hope given to Israel.So throughout this century, the idea that kingdom hope was richly Jewish and pointed strongly, if not exclusively, to the future has been prominent in New Testament theology, whether conservative or not. 7 As we shall see, this emp hasis on the future form of the kingdom is well grounded in biblical hope. Other views also have emerged in this century. Two approaches were like the nineteenth century â€Å"romanticized† efforts to redefine the kingdom in ways moderns could embrace.So efforts were made to demyhtologize Jesus’ image of the apocalyptic Kingdom into either an existential claim for a crisis decision (Bultmann) or to turn kingdom language into a mere metaphorical symbol of hope and transformation (Wilder and the later Perrin). 8 Both of these attempts, representing more liberal readings of Scripture, tried to redeem the kingdom concept by redefining it. However, two other approaches seriously sought to engage the biblical text and assess the model Weiss and Schweitzer introduced.These two other main views of the kingdom in this century have reacted to the â€Å"strictly future† model of the kingdom in two very diverse ways. One view, associated with C. H. Dodd, opted for a reading that the Kingdom hope was totally realized in Jesus’ ministry. 9 This became known as â€Å"realized† eschatology. The other, rooted in the work of Werner Kummel, R. H. Fuller, and Joachim Jeremias, argued that the view of the kingdom had both present and future elements. 10 This became known as the â€Å"already/not yet† view of the kingdom or eschatology in the process of realization. † In fact, Jeremias in his conclusion to his volume on the parables closes this way, â€Å"In attempting to recover the original significance of the parables, one thing above all becomes evident: it is that all the parables of Jesus compel his hearers to come to a decision about his person and mission. For they all are full of ‘the secret of the Kingdom of God’ (Mark 4. 11), that is to say, the recognition of ‘an eschatology in the process of realization. The hour of fulfillment is come, that is the urgent note that sounds through them all. †11 Th is view was made famous in evangelical circles by George Ladd. 12 It is probably the most prominent view currently in New Testament circles at large, both conservative and critical. It is known as â€Å"inaugurated† eschatology. 13 The kingdom was inaugurated or was dawning in Jesus’ words and deeds, but its consummation was yet future. As we shall see, there are also good reasons why this view is held.I lay out this â€Å"map† of views at the start, because the issue of what the kingdom is, when it begins, and how it proceeds have been the key questions in this century. But treating the theology of the kingdom involves far more than these questions, as we hope to show and survey. In fact, I hope to consider a series of issues tied to the kingdom. They include: (1) Linguistics and the Kingdom in Jewish Expectation: A Static or Tensive Symbol; (2) Kingdom as Apocalyptic (Imminence; Remaking of This World Into The Age to Come or Renewing This World in This History or Both); (3) Kingdom: Present, Future, or Both? (4) Defining the Kingdom: â€Å"Dynamic†Ã¢â‚¬â€œGod’s Powerful Presence in Rule (God in Strength) or â€Å"Realm† (Church, Israel, World, or â€Å"Eschatological†) or All the Above; (5) The Kingdom and Ethics; (6) Beyond the Term Kingdom (Messiah, Spirit, Son of Man, Salvation, Gospel, Overcoming Satan and Sin); (7) Kingdom outside the Gospels (Why Is The Term Less Prevalent? ); and (8) So What? : The Kingdom and Today. So not only is the kingdom theme an important New Testament concept generating a rich history of discussion, it is also one of the most complex topics in Scripture. II.The Kingdom, Jesus, the Hebrew Scriptures, and Second Temple Jewish Kingdom Hope: A Static or Tensive Symbol? When Jesus used the expression â€Å"kingdom of God,† how much of its meaning can we assume he and his audience shared? This becomes an important question because the expression itself, surprisingly, is totally absent in the Hebrew Scriptures. 14 Here is a case where the study of an idea has to move past a study of the set phrase to get anywhere. The idea, however, is more frequent. 15 Yahweh is King (1 Sam 12:12; Ps. 24:10; Is. 33:22; Zeph. 3:15; Zech. 14:16-17). He rules over Israel (Exod. 15:18; Num. 23:21; Deut. 33:5; Is. 43:15).He rules over the earth or the creation (2 Kings 19:15; Is. 6:5; Jer. 46:18; Ps. 29:10; 47:2; 93; 96:10; 145:11, 13). He possesses a royal throne (Ps. 9:4; 45:6; 47:8; Is. 6:1; 66:1; Ezek 1:26). His reign is ongoing (Ps. 10:16; 146:10; Is. 24:23). Rule or kingship is His (Ps. 22:28). It is primarily God’s special relationship to Israel that is in view here as the Son of David is said to sit on Yahweh’s throne (1 Chron 17:14; 28:5; 29:23; 2 Chron 9:8; 13:8). When Israel was overrun by the nations, a longing existed that one day God would reestablish his rule on behalf of his people and show his comprehensive sovereignty to all humanity.After all, God had committed himself to David concerning a dynasty of duration (2 Sam. 7:13). It is here that the hope of a future kingdom of God, made not with hands, came to be contrasted with the kingdoms of men in Daniel 2 and 7. It is in the context of such expectation that Jesus used the term â€Å"kingdom of God. † What was hoped for was something that had existed in the past, but only as a mere glimpse of what had been promised–a rule to come involving total peace for God’s people. In sum, Kingdom hope by the time of the Babylonian captivity is driven forward by the vision of the fullness of God’s rule showing up one day.It was to this hope that Jesus preached. Such a hope had been nurtured in some circles of second temple Judaism. 16 The kingdom became linked (sometimes) to the messianic hope, but (always) to judgment of the nations, and vindication of the saints. Some Jewish documents, content with the current arrangement, do not reflect any such hope. The concept is expressed with some variety, but central to its expression is that God will assert his comprehensive rule (1 Enoch 9:4-5; 12:3; 25; 27:3; 81:3).God’s powerful presence will involve the removal of Satan’s influence (Assumption of Moses 7–10). He will destroy his enemies and free his people. These enemies are described in both earthly terms, like the Romans in Psalms of Solomon 17–18 and 2 Baruch 36-40, and in spiritual terms, where Belial stands among the evil forces who will be defeated (1QS 3–4). Often the coming of the kingdom was seen as preceded by a period of intense upheaval and tribulation (Sib. Or. 3:796-808; 2 Bar. 70:2-8; 4 Ezra 6:24; 9:1-12; 13:29-31; 1QM 12:9; 19:1-2). The cry of the prayer of 2 Macc. :24-29 summarizes well the hope of deliverance. The call was for God to deliver and vindicate his people. The text of Psalms of Solomon 17–18 gives the most detailed expression of messianic hope in all the texts, though the idea of kingdom in this period of Judaism did not always entail a messianic hope. 17 In fact, sometimes the Messiah is seen in very earthly terms as in the Psalms of Solomon, while in other texts, he clearly possesses a more transcendent power (1 Enoch 37–71) or has a seeming mix of the two (4 Ezra 7:28-29; 12:32-34; 13:26).Thus, associated with the consistent idea of God’s coming comprehensive and vindicating rule for his people is a complex and varying array of sub-themes tied to the kingdom’s coming. In Judaism, there was no unified view of the kingdom beyond the hope of God’s powerful coming and vindication. It is important to appreciate that it is into this somewhat confused backdrop that Jesus preached this hope. This complex background raises the question could Jesus use the phrase and really be understood? More importantly, in presenting his understanding of the idea represented in the kingdom could he assume an understanding of the term by hi s audience?Given the paucity of Old Testament use of the phrase and the variety of details attached to the hope within Judaism, Jesus needed to explain his usage in order to be clear. It is this complexity that raises the issue of whether Jesus’ use of the term was â€Å"static† (steno) or â€Å"tensive. † 18 Norman Perrin posed two options. Did Jesus use the term one way all the time with a fixed referent (steno)? Or was his use of the term something that he used with symbolic force but that could not be contained in one referent alone (tensive)?We opt for a third possibility, did Jesus’ use operate within a fixed parameter, which he filled with a variety of detail because of the richness of the base concept he was defining and detailing (tensive yet with a steno-like base)? 19 How one approaches Jesus’ terminology will impact how one reads it. Four factors favor this third option. First, the number of and variety within the gospel kingdom sayings placed alongside the paucity of older references in the Hebrew Scriptures suggests that Jesus is developing the concept along additional lines from what the Old Testament taught.However, Jesus’ respect for that revelation means that he is not altering the concept, but developing and complementing it. We hope to show the variety within his teaching that validates this point. Second, the very consistency of the fundamental image within Judaism means that a basic understanding of kingdom did exist on which Jesus could build. It is God’s kingdom and rule that is presented as the hope. The sheer number of texts that discuss judgment and vindication under this theme both in Scripture and in later Judaism show that Jesus works with a given understanding at its base.Reflection taking place within Second Temple Judaism represented attempts to put the hope of Scripture together in terms of the details. Jesus both accepts and rejects elements of these reflections. Third, this id ea that Jesus works with a rarely used Old Testament term and yet develops it using larger categories of scriptural teaching has precedent elsewhere in his own use. Jesus does the same type of thing with the Son of Man concept. That description of a human invested with eschatological authority appears in Daniel 7 (note the conceptual overlap with the kingdom theme–Dan. is a key kingdom text). Jesus takes this one image and uses it as a collection point for his christology. In the same way, Jesus takes the kingdom concept and uses it as a collection point for both soteriology and eschatology. 20 Fourth, the very confusion of detail within Judaism of Jesus’ time demanded that he take this type of approach to the concept. Here was a phrase that basically did not exist in the Old Testament. However, by Jesus’ time, multiple concepts swirled around it, even though its basic meaning was well established.The phrase clearly sought to summarize a major strand of Jewish h ope, yet it needed defining. Its absence in the Old Testament gave Jesus room to make it a helpful synthesizing concept. Its familiarity and importance within Judaism, because of the hope it encapsulated, made it a key term to nail down. The very diversity in its contemporary usage required that Jesus explain and develop the term. Thus, as we turn to Jesus’ use, we can expect that on the one hand he was referring to a hope his audience understood in its most basic terms, but something that also needed more detail and development.

Literature Study - 1088 Words

To investigate how influential PD providers shape social capital, we drew on data from a larger study of mathematics and science professional development in a major metropolitan region in the Western United States. The study intended to capture the range of professional development opportunities available to teachers within the region. The region in the study consisted of four counties, the metropolitan area itself and its three contiguous counties. We considered professional development providers to include anyone involved in the planning or delivery of PD opportunities to teachers in any of the four counties. We did not require that the PD providers were from the region. The larger study used interviews and surveys to map the advice and†¦show more content†¦The purpose of the exploratory interviews was to solicit the names of individuals involved with providing PD in the region. We used this information to create an initial list of names that formed the seeds of the snowball. We defined three criteria for inclusion in the sample: (1) participants had helped plan or provide mathematics professional development for teachers; (2) the PD occurred in one of the four counties in the region; and (3) the PD occurred within the past year. Our initial seed list consisted of the names of 23 providers and their home organizations. With this list, we began the main part of the snowball sample. We conducted two waves of interviews and one wave of surveys. For each interview wave, we followed the same protocol (Figure 1). Interviews covered three main topics: (1) beliefs about qualities of effective PD; (2) the ideas about mathematics instruction and the mathematics practices they were promoting; and (3) their collaboration and advice networks (see Appendix A for the interview protocol). This article draws from the third section of the interviews. For this section, interviewers provided participants with the list of names. Going through each name on the list, they asked participants if they went to that individual for collaboration or advice about PD. If the participant saidShow MoreRelatedLiterature : My Experiences : The Study Of Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of literature is a lost art, like taking a picture with film. It is an item in which you can hang on to forever and create everlasting memories and will always come to use, not something you can just cast aside. As a student, many can attest to the fact that Literature is not as entertaining as other classes may be. However, literature is something in life that you do not appreciate until it’s time to share your knowledge with the world,. Personally, I am thankful that I read many booksRead More The Study of Literature Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Study of Literature I finally understand the study of literature. 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